Unit 3

Classification of elements and periodicity in properties

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)

~~ 1. Consider the isoelectronic species, $Na^{+}, Mg^{2+}, F^{-}$and $O^{2-}$. The correct order of increasing length of their radii is

(i) $F^{-}<O^{2-}<Mg^{2+}<Na^{+}$

(ii) $Mg^{2+}<Na^{+}<F^{-}<O^{2-}$

(iii) $O^{2-}<F^{-}<Na^{+}<Mg^{2+}$

(iv) $O^{2-}<F^{-}<Mg^{2+}<Na^{+}$

~~ 2. Which of the following is not an actinoid?

(i) $Curium(Z=96)$

(ii) Californium $(Z=98)$

(iii) Uranium $(Z=92)$

(iv) Terbium $(Z=65)$

~~ 3. The order of screening effect of electrons of $s, p, d$ and $f$ orbitals of a given shell of an atom on its outer shell electrons is:

(i) $s>p>d>f$

(ii) $f>d>p>s$

(iii) $p<d<sf$

(iv) $f>p>s>d$

~~ 4. The first ionisation enthalpies of $Na, Mg, Al$ and $Si$ are in the order:

(i) $Na<MgAl<Si$

(ii) $Na>Mg>Al>Si$

(iii) $Na<Mg<Al<Si$

(iv) $Na>Mg>Al<Si$

~~ 5. The electronic configuration of gadolinium (Atomic number 64) is

(i) $[Xe] 4 f^{3} 5 d^{5} 6 s^{2}$

(ii) $\quad[Xe] 4 f^{7} 5 d^{2} 6 s^{1}$

(iii) $[Xe] 4 f^{7} 5 d^{1} 6 s^{2}$

(iv) $[Xe] 4 f^{8} 5 d^{6} 6 s^{2}$

~~ 6. The statement that is not correct for periodic classification of elements is:

(i) The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic numbers.

(ii) Non metallic elements are less in number than metallic elements.

(iii) For transition elements, the $3 d$-orbitals are filled with electrons after $3 p$-orbitals and before $4 s$-orbitals.

(iv) The first ionisation enthalpies of elements generally increase with increase in atomic number as we go along a period.

~~ 7. Among halogens, the correct order of amount of energy released in electron gain (electron gain enthalpy) is:

(i) $F>Cl>Br>$ I

(ii) $F<Cl<Br<$ I

(iii) $FBr>$ I

(iv) $F<Cl<Br<$ I

~~ 8. The period number in the long form of the periodic table is equal to

(i) magnetic quantum number of any element of the period.

(ii) atomic number of any element of the period.

(iii) maximum Principal quantum number of any element of the period.

(iv) maximum Azimuthal quantum number of any element of the period.

~~ 9. The elements in which electrons are progressively filled in 4 -orbital are called

(i) actinoids

(ii) transition elements

(iii) lanthanoids

(iv) halogens

~~ 10. Which of the following is the correct order of size of the given species:

(i) $ I > I^- > I^+$

(ii) $ I ^+ > I^- > I$

(iii) $ I > I^+ > I^-$

(iv) $I^- > I > I^+$

~~ 11. The formation of the oxide ion, $O^{2-}(g)$, from oxygen atom requires first an exothermic and then an endothermic step as shown below:

$O(g)+e^{-} \longrightarrow O^{-}(g) ; \Delta H^{\ominus}=-141 kJ mol^{-1}$

$O^{-}(g)+e^{-} \longrightarrow O^{2-}(g) ; \Delta H^{\ominus}=+780 kJ mol^{-1}$

Thus process of formation of $O^{2-}$ in gas phase is unfavourable even though $O^{2-}$ is isoelectronic with neon. It is due to the fact that,

(i) oxygen is more electronegative.

(ii) addition of electron in oxygen results in larger size of the ion.

(iii) electron repulsion outweighs the stability gained by achieving noble gas configuration.

(iv) $O^{-}$ion has comparatively smaller size than oxygen atom.

~~ 12. Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple choice questions. Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option.

In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers which is related to the electronic configuration. Depending upon the type of orbitals receiving the last electron, the elements in the periodic table have been divided into four blocks, viz, $s, p, d$ and $f$. The modern periodic table consists of 7 periods and 18 groups. Each period begins with the filling of a new energy shell. In accordance with the Arfbau principle, the seven periods ( 1 to 7 ) have $2,8,8,18,18,32$ and 32 elements respectively. The seventh period is still incomplete. To avoid the periodic table being too long, the two series of $f$-block elements, called lanthanoids and actinoids are placed at the bottom of the main body of the periodic table.

(a) The element with atomic number 57 belongs to

(i) $s$-block

(ii) $p$-block

(iii) $d$-block

(iv) $f$-block

(b) The last element of the $p$-block in $6^{\text{th }}$ period is represented by the outermost electronic configuration.

(i) $7 s^{2} 7 p^{6}$

(ii) $5 f^{14} 6 d^{10} 7 s^{2} 7 p^{0}$

(iii) $4 f^{14} 5 d^{10} 6 s^{2} 6 p^{6}$

(iv) $4 f^{14} 5 d^{10} 6 s^{2} 6 p^{4}$

(c) Which of the elements whose atomic numbers are given below, cannot be accommodated in the present set up of the long form of the periodic table?

(i) 107

(ii) 118

(iii) 126

(iv) 102

(d) The electronic configuration of the element which is just above the element with atomic number 43 in the same group is

(i) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{5} 4 s^{2}$

(ii) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{5} 4 s^{3} 4 p^{6}$

(iii) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{6} 4 s^{2}$

(iv) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{6} 3 d^{7} 4 s^{2}$

(e) The elements with atomic numbers 35, 53 and 85 are all

(i) noble gases

(ii) halogens

(iii) heavy metals

(iv) light metals

~~ 13. Electronic configurations of four elements $A, B, C$ and $D$ are given below : (A) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6}$ (B) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{4}$ (C) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{1}$ (D) $1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{5}$

Which of the following is the correct order of increasing tendency to gain electron :

(i) A $<$ C $<$ B $<$ D

(ii) $A<B<C<D$

(iii) $D<B<C<A$

(iv) $D<A<B<C$

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

In the following questions two or more options may be correct.

~~ 14. Which of the following elements can show covalency greater than 4 ?

(i) $Be$

(ii) $P$

(iii) $S$

(iv) $B$

~ 15. Those elements impart colour to the flame on heating in it, the atoms of which require low energy for the ionisation (i.e., absorb energy in the visible region of spectrum). The elements of which of the following groups will impart colour to the flame?

(i) 2

(ii) 13

(iii) 1

(iv) 17

~~ 16. Which of the following sequences contain atomic numbers of only representative elements?

(i) $3,33,53,87$

(ii) $2,10,22,36$

(iii) $7,17,25,37,48$

(iv) $9,35,51,88$

~~ 17. Which of the following elements will gain one electron more readily in comparison to other elements of their group?

(i) $S$ (g)

(ii) $Na(g)$

(iii) $O(g)$

(iv) $Cl(g)$

~~ 18. Which of the following statements are correct?

(i) Helium has the highest first ionisation enthalpy in the periodic table.

(ii) Chlorine has less negative electron gain enthalpy than fluorine.

(iii) Mercury and bromine are liquids at room temperature.

(iv) In any period, atomic radius of alkali metal is the highest

~~ 19. Which of the following sets contain only isoelectronic ions?

(i) $Zn^{2+}, Ca^{2+}, Ga^{3+}, Al^{3+}$

(ii) $K^{+}, Ca^{2+}, Sc^{3+}, Cl^{-}$

(iii) $P^{3-}, S^{2-}, Cl^{-}, K^{+}$

(iv) $Ti^{4+}, Ar, Cr^{3+}, V^{5+}$

~~ 20. In which of the following options order of arrangement does not agree with the variation of property indicated against it?

(i) $Al^{3+}<Mg^{2+}<Na^{+}<F^{-}$(increasing ionic size)

(ii) $B<C<N<O$ (increasing first ionisation enthalpy)

(iii) I $<Br<Cl<F$ (increasing electron gain enthalpy)

(iv) $Li<Na<K<Rb$ (increasing metallic radius)

~~ 21. Which of the following have no unit?

(i) Electronegativity

(ii) Electron gain enthalpy

(iii) Ionisation enthalpy

(iv) Metallic character

~~ 22. Ionic radii vary in

(i) inverse proportion to the effective nuclear charge.

(ii) inverse proportion to the square of effective nuclear charge.

(iii) direct proportion to the screening effect.

(iv) direct proportion to the square of screening effect.

~~ 23. An element belongs to $3^{\text{rd }}$ period and group- 13 of the periodic table. Which of the following properties will be shown by the element?

(i) Good conductor of electricity

(ii) Liquid, metallic

(iii) Solid, metallic

(iv) Solid, non metallic

III. Short Answer Type

~~ 24. Explain why the electron gain enthalpy of fluorine is less negative than that of chlorine.

~~ 25. All transition elements are $d$-block elements, but all $d$-block elements are not transition elements. Explain.

~~ 26. Identify the group and valency of the element having atomic number 119. Also predict the outermost electronic configuration and write the general formula of its oxide.

~~ 27. Ionisation enthalpies of elements of second period are given below :

Ionisation enthalpy/ $k cal mol^{-1}: 520,899,801,1086,1402,1314$, 1681, 2080.

Match the correct enthalpy with the elements and complete the graph given in Fig. 3.1. Also write symbols of elements with their atomic number.

~~ 28. Among the elements $B, Al$, $C$ and $Si$,

(i) which element has the highest first ionisation enthalpy?

(ii) which element has the most metallic character?

Justify your answer in each case.

Fig. 3.1

~~ 29. Write four characteristic properties of $p$-block elements.

~~ 30. Choose the correct order of atomic radii of fluorine and neon (in $pm$ ) out of the options given below and justify your answer.

(i) 72,160

(ii) 160,160

(iii) 72,72

(iv) 160,72

~~ 31. Illustrate by taking examples of transition elements and non-transition elements that oxidation states of elements are largely based on electronic configuration.

~~ 32. Nitrogen has positive electron gain enthalpy whereas oxygen has negative. However, oxygen has lower ionisation enthalpy than nitrogen. Explain.

~~ 33. First member of each group of representative elements (i.e., $s$ and $p$-block elements) shows anomalous behaviour. Illustrate with two examples.

~~ 34. p-Block elements form acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Explain each property by giving two examples and also write the reactions of these oxides with water.

~~ 35. How would you explain the fact that first ionisation enthalpy of sodium is lower than that of magnesium but its second ionisation enthalpy is higher than that of magnesium?

~~ 36. What do you understand by exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction? Give one example of each type.

~~ 37. Arrange the elements N, P, $O$ and $S$ in the order of-

(i) increasing first ionisation enthalpy.

(ii) increasing non metallic character.

Give reason for the arrangement assigned.

~~ 38. Explain the deviation in ionisation enthalpy of some elements from the general trend by using Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2

~~ 39. Explain the following:

(a) Electronegativity of elements increase on moving from left to right in the periodic table.

(b) Ionisation enthalpy decrease in a group from top to bottom?

~~ 40. How does the metallic and non metallic character vary on moving from left to right in a period?

~~ 41. The radius of $Na^{+}$cation is less than that of $Na$ atom. Give reason.

~~ 42. Among alkali metals which element do you expect to be least electronegative and why?

IV. Matching Type

~~ 43. Match the correct atomic radius with the element.

~~ 44. Match the correct ionisation enthalpies and electron gain enthalpies of the following elements.

~~ 45. Electronic configuration of some elements is given in Column I and their electron gain enthalpies are given in Column II. Match the electronic configuration with electron gain enthalpy.

V. Assertion and Reason Type

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of reason (R) is****given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each question.

~~ 46. Assertion (A): Generally, ionisation enthalpy increases from left to right in a period.

Reason (R): When successive electrons are added to the orbitals in the same principal quantum level, the shielding effect of inner core of electrons does not increase very much to compensate for the increased attraction of the electron to the nucleus.

(i) Assertion is correct statement and reason is wrong statement.

(ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation of assertion.

(iii) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.

(iv) Assertion is wrong statement and reason is correct statement.

~~ 47. Assertion (A) : Boron has a smaller first ionisation enthalpy than beryllium.

Reason (R) : The penetration of a 2 s electron to the nucleus is more than the $2 p$ electron hence $2 p$ electron is more shielded by the inner core of electrons than the $2 s$ electrons.

(i) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

(ii) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.

(iii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

(iv) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.

~~ 48. Assertion (A) : Electron gain enthalpy becomes less negative as we go down a group.

Reason (R) : Size of the atom increases on going down the group and the added electron would be farther from the nucleus.

(i) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

(ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.

(iii) Assertion and reason both are wrong statements.

(iv) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.

VI. Long Answer Type

~~ 49. Discuss the factors affecting electron gain enthalpy and the trend in its variation in the periodic table.

~~ 50. Define ionisation enthalpy. Discuss the factors affecting ionisation enthalpy of the elements and its trends in the periodic table.

~~ 51. Justify the given statement with suitable examples- “the Properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers”.

~~ 52. Write down the outermost electronic configuration of alkali metals. How will you justify their placement in group 1 of the periodic table?

~~ 53. Write the drawbacks in Mendeleev’s periodic table that led to its modification.

~~ 54. In what manner is the long form of periodic table better than Mendeleev’s periodic table? Explain with examples.

~~ 55. Discuss and compare the trend in ionisation enthalpy of the elements of group1 with those of group17 elements.

ANSWERS

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)

~~ 1. (ii)

~~ 2. (iv)

~~ 3. (i)

~~ 4. (i)

~~ 5. (iii)

~~ 6. (iii)

~~ 7. (iii)

~~ 8. (iii)

~~ 9. (iii)

~~ 10. (iv)

~~ 11. (iii)

~~ 12. (a) (iii), (b) (iii), (c) (iii), (d) (i), (e) (ii) 13. (i)

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

~~ 14. (ii), (iii)

~~ 15. (i), (iii)

~~ 16. (i), (iv)

~~ 17. (i), (iv)

~~ 18. (i), (iii), (iv)

~~ 19. (ii), (iii)

~~ 20. (ii), (iii)

~~ 21. (i), (iv)

~~ 22. (i), (iii)

~~ 23. (i), (iii)

III. Short Answer Type

~~ 24. The added electron in fluorine goes to second quantum level. Due to small size of fluorine it experiences repulsion from other electrons much more in comparison to that in chlorine because in chlorine, the electron is added to $3^{\text{rd }}$ quantum level in which larger space is available for movement.

~~ 26. Group : 1, Valency : 1

Outermost electronic configuration $=8 s^{1}$

Formula of Oxide $=M_2 O$

~~ 27. Compare your plot with the plot given in the textbook.

~~ 28. (i) Carbon

(ii) Aluminium

~~ 30. (i)

~~ 32. The outermost electronic configuraton of nitrogen $(2 s^{2} 2 p_x^{1} 2 p_y^{1} 2 p_z^{1})$ is very stable because $p$-orbital is half filled. Addition of extra electron to any of the $2 p$ orbital requires energy.

Oxygen has 4 electrons in $2 p$ orbitals and acquires stable configuration i.e., $2 p^{3}$ configuration after removing one electron.

~~ 35. After removing 1 electron from the sodium atom the ion formed acquires the configuration of inert gas, neon. The second electron is removed from one of the $2 p$-orbitals which are completely filled i.e., have a total of 6 electrons and are closer to the nucleus.

~~ 37.

(i) $S<P<N<O$

(ii) $P<S<N<O$

~~ 39. (a) Decrease in size of atom and increase in nuclear charge.

(b) Increase in atomic size.

~~ 40. Metallic character decreases and non metallic character increases in moving from left to right in a period. It is due to increase in ionisation enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy.

~~ 41. Decrease of one shell.

~~ 42. Electronegativity decreases in a group from top to bottom. Thus, caesium is the least electronegative element.

IV. Matching Type

~~ 43. $Be=111, O=66, C=77, B=88, N=74$.

~~ 44. Most reactive non metal $=B$, Most reactive metal $=A$, Least reactive element $=D$, Metal forming binary halide $=C$

~~ 45. (i) $\longrightarrow(D)$;

(ii) $\longrightarrow$ (A)

(iii) $\longrightarrow$ (B)

(iv) $\longrightarrow(C)$

V. Assertion and Reason Type

~~ 46. (ii)

~~ 47. (iii)

~~ 48. (iv)