The Human Neural System:

  • Complex network of specialized cells.

  • Controls and coordinates bodily functions.

  • Responds to various stimuli.

  • Maintains internal balance.

The Midbrain:

  • Part of the brainstem.

  • Involved in sensory processing, especially visual and auditory.

  • Role in motor control and regulation of sleep-wake cycles.

Reflex Action and the Reflex Arc:

  • Rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli.

  • Involves sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector organ.

  • Allows quick responses without conscious thought.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):

  • Outside the central nervous system (CNS).

  • Transmits sensory information to the CNS.

  • Carries motor signals from the CNS to effectors.

  • Communication network.

Autonomic Neural System (ANS):

  • Involuntary physiological processes.

  • Regulates heart rate, digestion, and more.

  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions for balance.

Central Neural System (CNS):

  • Brain and spinal cord.

  • Central control center.

  • Processes sensory information.

  • Initiates motor responses.

  • Role in cognition, emotion, and consciousness.

Formation of the CNS:

  • Originates from a neural tube during embryonic development.

  • Complex folding and differentiation.

  • Differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons and glial cells.

Protection of the Brain:

  • Encased in the bony skull.

  • Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for cushioning.

  • Meninges cover the brain and spinal cord.

Forebrain:

  • Largest and most complex part of the brain.

  • Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebral cortex.

  • Responsible for higher cognitive functions, sensory processing, and physiological regulation.

The Thalamus:

  • Acts as a relay station for sensory information.

  • Directs signals to the cerebral cortex for processing.

  • Important for consciousness and sensory perception.

The Cerebral Cortex:

  • Outermost layer of the brain.

  • Responsible for reasoning, language, memory, and voluntary muscle movement.

  • Highly folded for increased surface area.



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