| Pineal Gland |
Produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles. |
Near the center of the brain. |
Influences circadian rhythms and seasonal cycles. |
| Thyroid Gland |
Produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), regulating metabolism. |
In the neck, below the Adam’s apple. |
Essential for energy regulation and metabolic rate. |
| Parathyroid Gland |
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulating calcium levels. |
Behind the thyroid gland. |
Crucial for bone health, muscle function, and nerve signaling. |
| Thymus |
Maturation of T-cells for immune function. |
In the chest, behind the sternum. |
Key in developing a strong immune system, especially in childhood. |
| Adrenal Glands |
Produce cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens. |
Above the kidneys. |
Vital for stress response, metabolism, and electrolyte balance. |
| Pancreas |
Produces insulin, glucagon, and digestive enzymes. |
Behind the stomach. |
Essential in metabolism, digestion, and blood sugar regulation. |
| Gonads |
Produce sex hormones and gametes. (Testosterone in males, estrogen and progesterone in females) |
Testes (male), ovaries (female). |
Crucial for sexual development, reproductive function, and secondary sexual characteristics. |
