याद रखने योग्य अवधारणाएँ और फॉर्मूला
Transcription:
- Introns are non-coding regions in genes, and exons contain coding information.
- The 5’ cap on mRNA protects it and helps in transport and translation.
- Processing includes capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
- The first nucleotide in transcription is adenine (A).
- Substrates for transcription are ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs).
Translation:
- Translation is protein synthesis from mRNA.
- Proteins are essential biomolecules with various functions.
- There are 20 types of amino acids with unique properties.
- Protein structure has four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- Three nucleotides (codon) specify one amino acid.
- The genetic code is universal, redundant, and non-overlapping.
- The ribosome is composed of approximately 80 different proteins, along with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.
Process of Translation:
- Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination.
- tRNA is cloverleaf-shaped and carries amino acids.
- Charging of tRNA attaches amino acids to tRNA.
- Initiation starts with ribosome assembly and AUG codon recognition.
- Bacterial ribosomes have 30S and 50S subunits.
- Eukaryotic ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits.
