याद रखने योग्य अवधारणाएँ और फॉर्मूला

Transcription:

  • Introns are non-coding regions in genes, and exons contain coding information.
  • The 5’ cap on mRNA protects it and helps in transport and translation.
  • Processing includes capping, polyadenylation, and splicing.
  • The first nucleotide in transcription is adenine (A).
  • Substrates for transcription are ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs).

Translation:

  • Translation is protein synthesis from mRNA.
  • Proteins are essential biomolecules with various functions.
  • There are 20 types of amino acids with unique properties.
  • Protein structure has four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
  • Three nucleotides (codon) specify one amino acid.
  • The genetic code is universal, redundant, and non-overlapping.
  • The ribosome is composed of approximately 80 different proteins, along with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.

Process of Translation:

  • Translation involves initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • tRNA is cloverleaf-shaped and carries amino acids.
  • Charging of tRNA attaches amino acids to tRNA.
  • Initiation starts with ribosome assembly and AUG codon recognition.
  • Bacterial ribosomes have 30S and 50S subunits.
  • Eukaryotic ribosomes have 40S and 60S subunits.